Russian-French sexologist and writer Marc-André Raffalovich was BOTD in 1864. Born in Paris to a wealthy Russian Jewish family, he studied at Oxford University in England. After graduation, he settled in London, hosting a literary salon that his frenemy Oscar Wilde satirically called a “saloon”. In 1885, he formed a relationship with English poet John Gray who became his life partner, even after Gray’s ordination as a Catholic priest. Raffalovich wrote and published extensively on homosexuality, collecting an archive of research materials. He disagreed with Edward Carpenter’s theory of sexual inversion (in which homosexuals were male or female souls trapped in the opposite-gendered body), proposing his own theory of “unisexualité” in which homosexual desire was innate. Presumably in an attempt to reconcile his theories with Catholic doctrine, he divided homosexuality into two types: “effeminates” like Wilde, who were unable to control their “immoral carnal pleasures”; and “superiors”, like himself and Gray, who satiated their desires via artistic pursuits and “spiritual” (ie., sexless) friendships. A prominent critic of German sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld, he accused the Scientific Humanitarian Community of being propagandists for “moral dissolution” and supported Germany’s anti-gay Paragraph 175 law as a way of preventing moral chaos. Raffalovich and Gray settled in Edinburgh, where Gray was a parish priest, and revived his literary salon, hosting fellow closet cases Henry James and Max Beerbohm. In his later years, he became increasingly resistent to the gay rights movement and (perhaps thankfully) gave up his sexology work. He died in 1934, aged 69; a heartbroken Gray died a few months later.